Fascism

Features of Fascism 1. Extreme nationalism 2. Anti-individualist 3. Glorifies war 4. Economic self-sufficiency 5. Strength of individual leader 6. Anti-classless ideology Mussolini’s Rise to Power - rose to power in 1922 1. Reasons Mussolini rose to power: 1. Underlying instability in Italy, 2. New ideology came about as a result of this crisis( the crisis is not Fascism but the War) (fascism), 3. There was support for fascism, 4. Mussolini’s leadership and strategy. 2. Transformismo created political instability because it was a process that could only be maintained by the “distribution of favors and offices,” which only kept a few in power because of a corrupt system. ok 3. He stressed this quote because it described an important reason as to why Mussolini and the Fascists were able to come to power. (what was that reason?) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. 7 reasons the war pushed Italy from instability to crisis: 1. Traditional governing groups were split in their attitude to the war, 2. Governments were under pressure from the threat of economic collapse and social disruption, 3. Economic base was weakened because of huge budget deficits and by unbalanced trade and industrial production, 4. Industrial production had been geared so directly to the war effort, 5. Unemployment soared, 6. Inflation, 7. Cost of living quadrupled. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ok <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. The four social groups mentioned by Lee were: 1. Urban and rural working classes, 2. Industrialists, 3. Landowners, 4. Lower middle class <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">.ok <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. The political parties could not agree because they had different approaches from one another: some were militant in their demands, such as the Socialist Party, whereas others weren’t. They also had different political views, which is the general reason behind why they form different parties. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 largest parties were totally opposed in ideas to one another <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. To him it was a safer alternative to Giolitti because if there ever was a confrontation between the Fascists and the army, the army could desert the king or there could be a civil war, leading to his abdication in either case. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ok <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Main points are here. A little more development needed on Q3 but generally well answered.

** Terms ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">GIOLITTI - Prime minister from 1903-5, 1906-9, and 1911-14, who tried to reform the whole process by seeking the co-operation of the Catholic Church and the Socialists, and by introducing near-universal manhood suffrage <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(PART OF A LIBERAL GOVERNMENT). <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">CAVOUR – <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">UNITED <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Italy, time between him and Mussolini lacked political stability. DE GRAND – Historian, believed that the WWI “marked a rupture in the course of Italian political development.” FACTA – one of Giolitti’s successors, was in a caretaker role and hoped that Giolitti would be able to resume power, immediate concern was to prevent Mussolini from preventing Giolitti’s return to power. D’ANNUNZIO – Italian leader, favored Italian participation in the war, focused on the prospects of empire and imperialism. ( LINK TO FIUME) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">GRAMSCI – imprisoned by Benito Mussolini? LEADER OF COMMUNIST PARTY IN ITALY <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">BALBO – Italian Blackshirt who persuaded Mussolini into action over the March on Rome. VICTOR EMMANUEL – King of Italy, asked Mussolini to form his own government. MACK SMITH – historian who believed that “Mussolini fell victim to his own delusions.” DE FELICE – historian, believed that “Fascism as a movement was the idealization, the desire of an emerging middle class.” TRASFORMISMO – process by which government depended on a consensus reached between different political groups, kept only a few in power because it was a corrupt system. MASS PARTICIPATION – participation of a majority of the population, Italian politics could not adjust to it. PPI – Italian Popular Party, a Catholic party, could not agree with PSI, caused more political instability. PSI – Italian Socialist Part, could not agree with PPI, caused more political instability. AVANTI AND II POPOLO D’ITALIA – Avanti was a revolutionary newspaper edited by Mussolini, attacked Giolitti, and Il Popolo D’Italia was a newspaper founded by Mussolini after he converted to the idea of Italian intervention. SYNDICALISM – acted as an alternative to Marxism, opposition towards war campaigns in Italy by syndicalists under Mussolini enabled him to gain reputation and influence. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(TRADE UNIONS TAKE POWER INSTEAD OF POLITICAL PARTIES) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> MUTILATED PEACE – unjustness created as a result of the Paris Settlement, denouncement of this created support for Fascism. CARABINIERI – police force, sympathized with Fascism. FIUME – occupied by D’Annunzio in 1919-20, angered war veterans, furthering their support for Fascism. MARCH ON ROME – Balbo convinced Mussolini into taking action over the March on Rome. RAS – organization at a local level which people who returned from Fiume joined in, was Mussolini’s second wave of organization before turning to a level of a political party, local fascist organizations. FASCIO DI COMBATTIMENTO – instituted by Mussolini for the activists of the far left and far right. DISPLACED MASSES – <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Middle Classes (worse affected by WW1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> FASCES – bundle of rods with a protruding axe-head, emblem adopted for the Fascist party.

Causes that allowed Mussolini to come to power:

Long Term: Before 1914 - Transformismo - created problems as it was based on favors - Political instability - from the time Cavour united Italy to the time Mussolini came to power Short Term: After 1914 - Siege on Fiume - World War I - Discontent as a result of the VT - Support for Fascism from all different classes - fascism appealed to them for several different reasons - Economic turmoil Immediate Term: 1921-2 - March on Rome - King offers Mussolini power

Yes I would support these break offs however you don't exactly state how they link to him coming to power